Tension-free vaginal taping in Pakistani women with stress urinary incontinence

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and determine the peroperative and postoperative complications of tension-free vaginal tape [TVT] sling for urinary stress incontinence [USI] and contributing factors to complications

Study Design: Descriptive study

Place and Duration of Study: Kidney Centre Postgraduate Institute, Karachi, from January 2009 to December 2010

Methodology: One hundred consecutive patients underwent TVT as per Ulmsten Technique for urinary stress incontinence and patients were followed for 3 years. The subjective cure rate and improvement rate was based on the international consultation on incontinence questionnaire for evaluating female lower urinary tract symptoms [ICIQ - PLUS]

The subjective cure was defined as the statement of the woman not experiencing any loss of urine upon physical stress and improvement rate was defined as occasional leakage during stress

Results: Patients at 1- and 3-year up follow-up showed subjective cure rate and improvement rate of 98% and 2%, and 95% and 5%, respectively. Mean operative time was 32 minutes. UTI was the commonest complication observed in 7 [7%] patients

Women with voiding dysfunction preoperatively had 9-fold odds of difficulty postoperatively [0<0.001]

There was a significant association of preoperative symptoms of overactive bladder [OAB] with the same postoperative symptoms [p<0.0001]

Preoperative hysterectomy had a significant [p< 0.005] 15.63 fold odds of intraoperative bladder perforation

Conclusion: Tension-free vaginal tape sling is an efficacious and secure surgical procedure for the treatment of urinary stress .incontinence. Bladder perforation, voiding dysfunction, supra-pubic discomfort and UTI are the commonest complications. Risk factors for perforation include preoperative hysterectomy. Pre-existing voiding dysfunction and UTI lead to persistent similar postoperative problems

Ruptura de bexiga em um cão: relato de caso / Bladder rupture in a dog: case report

A ruptura de bexiga é uma das anomalias do trato urinário mais recorrente nos cães e nos gatos, e pode ser causada por diferentes fatores, como trauma, necrose ou alguma complicação durante uma cirurgia vesical. Como conseqüência, ocorre o uroperitônio que, em longo prazo, leva à uremia, desidratação, hipovolemia, hipercalemia e morte (FOSSUM, 2008). O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso clínico-cirúrgico de uma ruptura de bexiga em um cão da raça Fila Alemão.

Rotura vesical intraperitoneal y reparación laparoscópica: ¿es éste el nuevo gold standard? / Intraperitoneal bladder rupture and laparoscopic repair: is this the new gold standard?

Introduction: Nowadays laparoscopy is the new paradigm in many surgical treatments; however, its role in urological trauma is barely emerging. The aim of this article is to show a laparoscopic repair technique of an intraperitoneal bladder rupture secondary to a blunt abdominal trauma, its feasibility and safety. Case: We present a 28 year old man who consulted with 6 hours of hypogastric pain, absence of micturition and vesical globe, after alcoholic consumption. He presented high blood both creatini-ne and inflammatory parameters. A Foley catheter was installed, the pain increased progressively, with Blumberg sign and tachycardia. Looking back again, he told about a blow in the hypogastric region with full bladder. A non-contrasted CT of the pelvis showed the catheter's end into peritoneal cavity. A successfully three port laparoscopic repair was made using intracorporeal double layer suturing technique with poliglactin, an intraoperative cystoscopic check was performed. The patient was discharged at sixth day without complications. Discussion: Classically surgical treatment for intraperitoneal bladder rupture has been laparotomy with double layer closure of the lesion. However, there are no randomized control trials comparing this technique with other methods. Also, there is a lack of laparoscopic repair reports, probably due to most bladder ruptures are extraperitoneal (managed with non-surgical treatment) or associated with other organs injury (needing laparotomy). Although more evidence is needed, we believe that laparoscopic repair of intraperitoneal bladder rupture could be considered as an option in stable patients and without important associated injuries, achieving better cosmetic outcomes and faster recovering.

Introducción: Actualmente la laparoscopia es el nuevo paradigma en muchos tratamientos quirúrgicos, pero su rol en trauma urológico es incipiente. Nuestro objetivo es mostrar una técnica factible y segura de cistorrafia laparoscópica por ruptura vesical intraperitoneal contusa. Caso: Un hombre de 28 años consulta por 6 horas de dolor hipogástrico, retención y globo vesical, después de una transgresión alcohólica. Ingresa con creatininemia y parámetros inflamatorios elevados. A pesar de un sondeo vesical exitoso, evoluciona con más dolor, Blumberg y taquicardia. Revisando la anamnesis, refiere un golpe en hipogastrio, con vejiga llena. En pieloTAC se observa el extremo de la sonda en cavidad peritoneal. En pabellón, se realiza una reparación laparoscópica mediante tres trócares, usando sutura de poliglactina en doble capa, con revisión cistoscópica intraoperatoria. El paciente se da de alta al sexto día postoperatorio, sin complicaciones. Discusión: Clásicamente, el tratamiento quirúrgico de la ruptura vesical intraperitoneal, ha sido la laparotomía exploradora con cierre de la lesión en doble capa. Sin embargo, esta técnica no ha sido comparada en estudios randomizados con otras modalidades. Además, hay escasos reportes de la técnica laparoscópica, probablemente porque la mayoría de las lesiones son extraperitoneales (con manejo conservador) o con lesión de otros órganos (requiriendo laparotomía). Se necesita más evidencia, pero creemos que la cistorrafia laparoscópica de lesiones intraperitoneales, es una buena conducta en pacientes estables sin otros daños asociados, alcanzando mejores resultados estéticos y una recuperación más rápida.

Experiencia del manejo del trauma vesical en Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública: revisión de cinco años, 2005- 2009 / Bladder trauma: management experience of Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Publica: five years review, 2005- 2009

INTRODUCCIÓN: El trauma vesical es escaso, representa el 2-3 por ciento de traumatismos abdominales y es frecuente su asociación a fractura de pelvis. Con diagnóstico precoz tiene baja tasa de mortalidad. OBJETIVO: Describir el manejo de los pacientes con trauma vesical en el Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública, Santiago, Chile. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo de los registros de 16 pacientes con diagnóstico de egreso de trauma vesical, durante periodo 2005-2009. Los datos recopilados fueron sometidos a análisis estadístico simple en Microsoft Office® Excel 2010. RESULTADOS: El promedio de edad fue 29 años. Del total de pacientes, 13 son de sexo masculino. El mecanismo de lesión fue de tipo contuso en 11, siendo el accidente de tránsito el más frecuente con nueve. Los traumas penetrantes se presentaron en cinco pacientes, de los cuales cuatro fueron por arma de fuego. La hematuria es un signo frecuente, en nueve de ellos se presentó. El diagnóstico se realizó con ecotomografía abdominal en ocho y en cinco fue intraoperatorio. El manejo realizado fue quirúrgico en 15 casos, que abarca la totalidad del trauma penetrante, sólo tres pacientes presentaron complicaciones que correspondieron a sangrado activo. El trauma vesical se sospechó al ingreso en tres pacientes. DISCUSIÓN: El trauma vesical se presenta en pacientes jóvenes de sexo masculino, el mecanismo más frecuente es el contuso por accidente de tránsito. El diagnóstico se realiza principalmente con ecotomografía abdominal. El manejo es quirúrgico. La sospecha de trauma vesical es baja y se requieren exámenes de imágenes para confirmar.

INTRODUCTION: Bladder trauma is infrequent. Its incidence is estimated at 2-3 percent of all abdominal trauma and is strongly associated with pelvic fracture. If bladder trauma is suspected and identified, it has low mortality rate. OBJECTIVE: To describe the management of patients with bladder trauma in Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Descriptive, retrospective study of patients with discharge diagnosis of bladder trauma, between 2005 – 2009. RESULTS: Mean age was 29 years. Of all patients, 13 were male. Eleven patients presented blunt trauma, being traffic accidents the most frequent in nine. Penetrating trauma was present in five patients, of which four were by firearm. Hematuria is a frequent sign, being present in nine patients. For diagnosis, abdominal ultrasonography was used in eight cases and in five was made intraoperatively. Surgery was performed in 15 patients, which covers all cases of penetrating trauma. Three patients resented complications, all of them secondary to active bleeding. On admission, only three patients had suspicion of bladder trauma. DISCUSSION: Bladder trauma mainly occurs in young male patients and the most frequent injury mechanism are traffic accidents. Abdominal ultrasonography is the main diagnostic tool and it requires surgical resolution. Bladder trauma requires a high level of suspicion and imaging studies to make the diagnosis.

Dispositivo intrauterino intravesical en expulsión en embarazo de tercer trimestre: reporte de un caso / Intravesical migration of intrauterine device in a pregnant woman

Se estima que en el mundo cerca de 160 millones de mujeres son usuarias de dispositivos intrauterinos (DIU), siendo Chile uno de los países con más alta tasa, con cerca del 70 por ciento de las usuarias en el sistema público. Sin embargo, su uso no está exento de complicaciones. Presentamos un caso infrecuente de DIU intravesical en expulsión en gestante de 28 semanas.

In the world, about 160 million women are users of intrauterine devices (IUD); Chile is one of the countries with the highest rate, with about 70 percent of users in public system. However, its use may be complications. We present an unusual case of intravesical IUD expulsion in 28 weeks pregnant.

Estudo quantitativo da matriz extracelular e células do músculo liso de bexigas urinária após traumatismo raquimedular / Quantitative study of the extracellular matrix and smooth muscle cells of the urinary bladder after spinal cord injury

Lesões na inervação do trato urinário inferior ocasionado por traumatismo raquimedular afetam geralmente o músculo detrusor e o esfíncteres uretrais. Estas alterações acarretam problemas basicamente de incontinência urinária e aumento da pressão intravesical, decorrente deste traumatismo, trazendo consequências para o funcionamento do sistema urinário superior. Quantificar os elementos fibrosos da matriz extracelular e fibras musculares das bexigas neurogênicas hiper-reflexas comparando-as com bexigas normais. Foram utilizadas 6 amostras de bexigas neurogênicas de indivíduos que foram submetidos a cirurgia de reparação por cistoenteroplastia realizados pelo serviço de urologia do Hospital Municipal Souza Aguiar, estas amostras foram fixadas imediatamente em solução tamponada de formalina a 10%. O controle com amostras iguais as do estudo extraída de cadáveres cuja causa morte não relacionava-se ao sistema urogenital macroscópicamente. O material foi submetido as seguintes técnicas histoquímicas: H&E, van Gieson e Resorcina Fucsina resorcina de Weigert com prévia oxidação pela oxona. Imunohistoquímica: anti-elastina. A observação dos cortes corados pelo van Gieson demonstrou uma diminuição significativa do músculo liso de 13% e aumento do colágeno em 72% e as fibras do sistema elástico um aumento de 101%. Conclusão. Nas bexigas neurogênicas hiper-reflexas o músculo detrusor e os elementos fibrosos da matriz foram profundamente modificados. As fibras do sistema elástico foram as mais afetadas.

Lesions on lower urinary tract innervations caused by spinal cord injuries usually affect the detrusor muscle and urethral sphincter. Beside the smooth muscle fibers the collagen fibers and elastic system fibers, fibrous components of the extracellular matrix of the bladder wall, are strongly related to vesicle bladder compliance. For this reason the aim of this work is to quantify the fibrous elements of the extracellular matrix and muscle fibers of the neurogenic bladder hyperreflexia. Samples of neurogenic bladder were obtained from six men who had previously undergone surgical repair. The control group samples (n=6) were similarly obtained from patients whose deaths were not related to the urogenital system. The samples were stained using the following histochemical techniques: H&E, Van Gieson, Weigert and Sirius Red. Sections stained with Sirius Red were observed under polarization light microscopy to characterize possible different kinds of collagen. Immunohistochemical technique was used to characterize and quantify the elastic system fibers. Quantification analysis was performed by stereological methods. An increase of 72% of the collagen was observed. Nevertheless, the most significant difference observed was the raising of 101% of the elastic system fibers. Contrary the smooth muscle fibers showed a decrease of 13%. In the neurogenic bladder with detrusor hyperreflexia the fibrous elements of the extracellular matrix and smooth muscle fibers were greatly modified. The elastic system fibers seem to be the most affected in this disease.

Intraperitoneally Placed Foley Catheter via Verumontanum Initially Presenting as a Bladder Rupture

Since urethral Foley catheterization is usually easy and safe, serious complications related to this procedure have been rarely reported. Herein, we describe a case of intraperitoneally placed urethral catheter via verumontanum presenting as intraperitoneal bladder perforation in a chronically debilitated elderly patient. A 82-yr-old male patient was admitted with symptoms of hematuria, lower abdominal pain after traumatic Foley catheterization. The retrograde cystography showed findings of intraperitoneal bladder perforation, but emergency laparotomy with intraoperative urethrocystoscopy revealed a tunnel-like false passage extending from the verumontanum into the rectovesical pouch between the posterior wall of the bladder and the anterior wall of the rectum with no bladder injury. The patient was treated with simple closure of the perforated rectovesical pouch and a placement of suprapubic cystostomy tube.

Cirugía laparoscópica terapéutica en trauma abdominal cerrado: dos casos representativos y revisión de la literatura / Therapeutic laparoscopic surgery in blunt abdominal trauma: two representative cases and literature review

Presentación de dos casos de trauma abdominal cerrado tratados por abordaje laparoscópico en el Hospital Domingo Luciani y revisión de la literatura. Se presentan dos casos con trauma abdominal cerrado, hemodinámicamente estables, a quienes se les realizó exploración y reparación laparoscópica de lesiones de vejiga y yeyuno respectivamente. Evolución postoperatoria satisfactoria. El trauma abdominal cerrado es manejado por excelencia de forma no operatoria. Aún así, el porcentaje de laparotomías no terapéuticas es considerable, así como de lesiones menores susceptibles a reparación laparoscópica, por lo que un abordaje mínimo invasivo ofrece ventajas en el tratamiento de estos pacientes.

We present two cases with blunt abdominal trauma, hemodynamic stable, in which laparoscopic exploration and reparation of bladder and jejunum injuries were made. Postoperative satisfactory outcome. The management of blunt abdominal trauma is, for excellence, non operative. Still, the percentage of non therapeutic laparotomy is considerable; it is so minor injuries susceptible to laparoscopic reparation. Because of this, a minimal invasive approach offer advantages in the treatment of this patient. Postoperative were uneventful. A literature review was made.

Lesiones de vejiga por trauma abdominal en el Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja Mexicana / Bladder injuries due to abdominal trauma in patients treated at the Central Hospital of the Mexican Red Cross

Introducción: El 10 % de las lesiones traumáticas abdominales involucra la vía urinaria, de éstas 25 % corresponde a trauma vesical. El tipo de lesión depende del mecanismo de acción contuso o penetrante. Los síntomas incluyen hipersensibilidad hipogástrica e imposibilidad para la micción; el signo más importante es la hematuria. Material y métodos: Se realizó estudio retrospectivo observacional y descriptivo de los pacientes con lesión vesical atendidos de enero de 2001 a septiembre de 2007 en el Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja Mexicana de la Ciudad de México; fueron excluidos aquellos con lesiones iatrogénicas. Resultados: Se encontraron 46 casos de lesión vesical, 35 hombres (76 %) y 11 mujeres (24 %). La edad promedio fue de 29 años. El mecanismo de la lesión fue contusión cerrada en 63 % y por herida penetrante en 37 %. El diagnóstico se estableció en 26 % por cistograma retrógrado y en 74 % por laparotomía exploradora, en la cual se identificó lesión asociada de más de dos órganos. El tratamiento dependió de la condición de intra o extraperitoneal; no se informaron complicaciones. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con lesión vesical por trauma son más jóvenes en relación a los que padecen daño iatrogénico y con predominio del sexo masculino. El traumatismo cerrado de abdomen impera sobre el penetrante. La hematuria macroscópica es el síntoma más constante. La lesión vesical asociada a fractura pélvica tuvo baja incidencia. La laparotomía exploradora fue el principal método diagnóstico debido a que lesiones asociadas indicaban la realización inmediata del procedimiento.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal traumas involving the urinary tract represent 10% and, of these, 25% are for bladder trauma. Type of injury depends on the mechanism of action, whether blunt or penetrating. Symptoms include hypogastric hypersensitivity and inability to urinate. The most important sign is hematuria. METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational study and descriptive analysis of patients with bladder injury, excluding iatrogenic injury. RESULTS: There were 46 cases of bladder injury comprising 35 men (76%) and 11 women (24%). Mean age was 29 years. Mechanism of injury was closed contusion (63%) and penetrating wound (37%). Diagnosis was established in 74% of cases by exploratory laparotomy and in 26% of cases by cystography. Treatment was in accordance with intra- or extraperitoneal status, and there were no reported complications. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with traumatic injuries are often young and male, in relation to patients with iatrogenic damage. Closed abdominal trauma is prevalent with penetration. Gross hematuria is the most consistent symptom. Incidence of bladder injury associated with pelvic fracture was low. Exploratory laparotomy was the primary diagnostic method, with cystography done in a limited number of patients. There were no complications.

Manejo laparoscópico de dispositivo intrauterino incrustado en pared vesical con litiasis vesical secundaria / Laparoscopic handling of intrauterune device embedded in bladder wall with secondary vesical lithiasis

Se presenta el caso clínico de la migración intravesical de dispositivo intrauterino con litiasis vesical secundaria. El diagnóstico se realizó 20 años después de la inserción del dispositivo, por la aparición de síntomas urinarios bajos a repetición y hematuria. La ultrasonografía y la radiografía de pelvis son herramientas diagnósticas relevantes en la sospecha inicial de esta patología, que debe siempre completarse con tomografía pélvica y cistoscopia.

This is a case report of an intravesical migration of an intrauterine device, with secondary vesical lithiasis. The diagnosis was made 20 years after the insertion of the device, because of the appearance of recurrent low urinary tract symptoms and haematuria. Ultrasonography and pelvic radiography are important diagnostic tools on the initial study of this pathology that must be completed with pelvic tomography and cistoscopy.

Trauma urológico / Urologic trauma

Os traumas geniturinários representam 10% de todos os traumas em nosso Serviço de Emergência (HC-FMUSP). O rim é, em geral, o órgão mais frequentemente envolvido, sendo os traumas de ureter e bexiga mais raros e associados a traumas de alta energia e a outras lesões severas concomitantes...

The genitourinary trauma represents 10% of all traumas in our Emergency Service (HC-FMUSP). The kidney is the organ most frequently affected. The ureteral and bladder traumas are rare and are associated wit traumas of high energy and with other severe injuries...

Vaginal hysterectomy is superior than abdominal hysterectomy

To determine the outcome of vaginal hysterectomy versus abdominal hysterectomy in terms of intra operative and post operative complications in women with benign uterine conditions. A comparative study. Baqai Medical University Karachi from November 2006 to February 2008. The study included 50 women who under went vaginal hysterectomy [VH] and 50 women who had abdominal hysterectomy [AH] for benign uterine diseases. Inclusion criteria for vaginal hysterectomy was utero vaginal prolapse [UV prolapse], uterine fibroid less than 12 weeks size and DUB and for abdominal hysterectomy was menorrhagia and pelvic pain, fibroid uterus, adenomyosis of uterus and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Patients over 60 years of age, cancer of cervix and uterine malignancy were excluded from the study. Detailed history was taken and examination done. Routine investigations including ultrasound were carried out and hysterectomy was performed by clamp-cut and ligate method. The mean age of patients was 52 years and parity between 4-10. The commonest indication for surgery in VH was UV prolapse 30[60%], DUB 15[30%], fibroid less than 12 weeks size 5[10%] while the commonest indication for surgery in AH was fibroid 20[40%], DUB 15[30%], menorrhagia and pelvic pain, 10[20%] and adenomyosis of uterus 5[10%]. Among the intra operative complications there was one case of bladder injury in patient who underwent AH which was repaired. It was a case of previous C section. There were 2[4%] case of excessive haemorrhage [>500ml] one in each TAH and VH respectively. Early post operative complications like febrile morbidity was noted in each group, 10[20%] in AH and 5[10%] in vaginal hysterectomy, urinary tract infection in 4[8%] cases of VH and AH each. Wound infection in 6[12%] of AH and nil in VH. Paralytic Ileus in 4[8%] cases of AH and nil in VH. Vaginal vault haematoma in 2[4%] cases of VH while wound haematoma in 1[2%] case of AH. Late complications like vaginal discharge was noted in 3[6%] of VH while 2[4%] cases of AH. There was 1[2%] case of vault granulation in each AH and VH. Vaginal hysterectomy is easy to perform and is associated with quicker recovery, early mobilization, shorter hospitalization, less operative and post operative morbidity, while abdominal hysterectomy is associated with longer duration of surgery, longer hospital stay, greater blood loss, more intra operative and post operative morbidity

[Lower urinary trauma complicating gyneacological and obstetrical surgery]

The trauma of the lower urinary tract in gynecologic and obstetrics surgery is rare. Discover the circumstances of their happening, their symptoms, and their methods of diagnostic and their treatment. Authors report 24 cases observed over a 12 years period. These lesions consisted on 20 bladder lesions and 4 ureteric lesions. The frequency of these urological complications was 0.21% among the 12000 surgical operations performed between 1992 and 2003. The most causal operation was caesarean and abdominal hysterectomy. Urinary trauma was more frequent in patients with history of abdominal surgery. Post operative course was uneventful in most cases. Trauma of the lower urinary tract in gynecologic and obstetrics surgery is rare but their ignorance may seriously affect the functional urinary prognostics

[Genito-urinary trauma: epidemiologic and clinical aspects]

To analyze the frequency and the etiology of trauma to the genito-urinary tract as well as the types of lesions encountered This is a retrospective study carried out on 38 patients with genito-urinary trauma seen at Cocody University Hospital, Abidjan, Ivory Coast, between April 2000 and December 2006. The parameters studied were: age, sex, profession, etiology of the trauma, the type of lesions observed and their surgical management. Out of 16,425 trauma patients, 38 [0.2%] had genito-urinary lesions. Thirty-seven of them were males and one female with a mean age of 26.9 [range 5 to 63] years. The majority of the patients were victims of car accidents [42.1%, 16 cases], while 29% [11 cases] had a work accident, and 23.7% [9 cases] were victims of civil violence [physical assaults]. In 81.6% of the cases, the urethra and the bladder were affected, while renal lesions and trauma to the external genital organs were found in7.9% and 10.5% of the cases, respectively. Twenty-five patients [65.8%] had associated pelvic fracture. The trauma was direct in all patients with blunt trauma in 29 [76.3%] and penetrating trauma in 9 [23.7%]. Surgical management consisted of end-to-end urethrorrhapy in the majority of patients [52.6%]. Genito-urinary trauma is rare and is more likely to affect young men. It is primarily caused by car and work accidents. Such trauma is usually associated with serious lesions

Infantile bladder rupture during voiding cystourethrography

Bladder rupture is rare during infancy and most of reported cases had urethral obstruction or neurogenic bladder. We report two cases of infantile bladder rupture during voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). This report reinforces the criteria for proper VCUG imaging procedure. Consideration of expected bladder volume for body weight, and close monitoring of bladder pressure and injection speed could prevent such complications.

Laparoscopic treatment of traumatic intraperitoneal bladder rupture

Traumatic intraperitoneal bladder rupture requires surgical suture and bladder drainage. In stable patients the laparoscopic approach is the best short recovery and less traumatic treatment allowing visualization of the entire peritoneal cavity to exclude others lesions. We present one case of successful laparoscopic treatment of this entity.

The Sentinel Clot Sign: a Useful CT Finding for the Evaluation of Intraperitoneal Bladder Rupture Following Blunt Trauma

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency and relevance of the "sentinel clot" sign on CT for patients with traumatic intraperitoneal bladder rupture in a retrospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During a recent 42-month period, 74 consecutive trauma patients (45 men, 29 women; age range, 12-84 years; mean age, 50.8 years) with gross hematuria were examined by the use of intravenous contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen and pelvis, followed by retrograde cystography. Contrast-enhanced CT scanning was performed by using a helical CT scanner. CT images were retrospectively reviewed in consensus by two radiologists. The CT findings including the sentinel clot sign, pelvic fracture, traumatic injury to other abdominal viscera, and the degree of intraperitoneal free fluid were assessed and statistically analyzed using the two-tailed x2 test. RESULTS: Twenty of the 74 patients had intraperitoneal bladder rupture. The sentinel clot sign was seen for 16 patients (80%) with intraperitoneal bladder rupture and for four patients (7%) without intraperitoneal bladder rupture (p < 0.001). Pelvic fracture was noted in five patients (25%) with intraperitoneal bladder rupture and in 39 patients (72%) without intraperitoneal bladder rupture (p < 0.001). Intraperitoneal free fluid was found in all patients (100%) with intraperitoneal bladder rupture, irrespective of an associated intraabdominal visceral injury, whereas 19 (35%) of the 54 patients without intraperitoneal bladder rupture had intraperitoneal free fluid (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Detection and localization of the sentinel clot sign abutting on the bladder dome may improve the accuracy of CT in the diagnosis of traumatic intraperitoneal bladder rupture, especially when the patients present with gross hematuria.